Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)
The focus is on the use and analysis of TSA in different countries. So far, TSA
development has been primarily focusing on the production of the account. A key
development area concerns, however, TSA analysis for the decision-and policy
making process. Papers reporting and evaluating TSA with some successful
examples of usability and analysis are encouraged, particurarly when they
employ realistic industrial application and case analysis.
|
Papers and presentations |
THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL & TOURISM ON JOBS AND THE ECONOMY CHINA AND CHINA HONG KONG SAR |
|
|
|
The WTTC Country Report for China and China Hong Kong SAR is the latest in a series of reports produced by the World Travel & Tourism Council using standards developed by the United Nations Statistics Commission (called "Tourism Satellite Accounting") and a detailed independent policy assessment by leading Travel & Tourism analysts. Research on the Report for China and China Hong Kong SAR began in the Fall of 2002 and was carefully vetted by an international steering committee of 40 leading Travel & Tourism industry leaders. Report sponsors include: American Express, British Airways, GTA Travel, the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group and Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts.
According to research conducted for the purpose of this report, china has the potential to become one of the world’s great tourism economies – in terms of inbound, domestic and outbound travel.
This follows the opening of its markets to the outside world and its entry into mainstream economic and political circles such as the World Trade Organization. Although the vision for China’s ascension is extraordinary and bold, and historical experience has clearly demonstrated the Chinese government’s ability to deliver on its promises, the scope and depth of effort necessary for China to build a world-class tourism economy are staggering.
The isolation of China prior to the start of economic reforms and its opening to the outside world has delayed China’s entry onto the world stage in many areas including Travel & Tourism. In some ways this late emergence has helped to protect its resources from excessive exploitation and unsustainable development. Yet, in other ways, it has also limited the benefits that Travel & Tourism can deliver economically and socially.
Nevertheless, while business leaders and industry analysts have long been heralding China as the next major source of Travel & Tourism development, its actual performance over the past few years has already shown that even optimistic scenarios can sometimes be too conservative, while at the same time proving extremely vulnerable to external events.
Although it is unusual to criticize success stories, there appears to be one main problem for China’s Travel & Tourism – and that is its extraordinary success and newly discovered reliance on the industry. The scale and pace of its development and future potential growth put government structures, agencies and officials in a unique, difficult and tenuous position of trying to keep up with events and fast-paced development that they have previously managed to control under a different set of circumstances. The current climate of China’s Travel & Tourism also illustrates the nature of market economy transition, and how China’s official tourism structure needs to adapt to the changing requirements and needs of the market, its producers and its consumers and external events.
Nevertheless, the future prospects for Travel & Tourism in China remain extraordinary. There is widespread speculation – mostly underestimated – as to Travel & Tourism’s current and likely future contribution to the national economy and, more importantly, the difficult structural factors that still constrain its true potential.
In truth, the Chinese Government has moved quickly and decisively to transform itself in only a few short years, implementing a policy of opening up the country to the outside world, moving to a market-based economy and, in the process, achieving massive growth and development.
However, what the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and Oxford Economist Forecasting research makes clear is that, despite its success to date (excluding the SARS period), the industry requires a new vision of openness, collaboration and cooperation between the public and private sectors. This will ensure that China’s Travel & Tourism moves to the next level of development and sophistication, on track to becoming a world tourism power.
In Hong Kong, the primary post-SARS focus is tactical, focused on the creation and development of a leading Asian aviation transport hub and on restarting the destination’s lifecycle by broadening and deepening its tourism product base. Both are vital to spreading tourism growth beyond the Chinese market and assuring Hong Kong’s position within Asia’s Travel & Tourism.
Even when the current crisis is over and pre- SARS levels have been regained, there will still be significant structural barriers in China and Hong Kong that will inhibit the growth of Travel & Tourism. While some of these issues are already on the respective governments’ agendas, others have yet to be included, and yet other issues are vying for attention. Although not everything can be programmed for immediate action, WTTC calls on the Chinese and Hong Kong authorities to focus even greater attention to these issues and work with the private sector to establish immediate and long term priorities to meet the challenges head on.
Travel & Tourism offers enormous potential as a catalyst for future economic and social development across the whole of China and Hong Kong. Measures already undertaken by government augur well for the sustainable development of Travel & Tourism –achieving a healthy balance between business imperatives, the protection of cultural heritage and environment, and the well-being of local communities. Additional measures recommended in this report set the stage to help ensure the larger rewards that Travel & Tourism can bring.
Agustín Cañada, Head Assistant, National Accounts Department, National
Statistical Institute, Spain
Rafael Roig, Senior economist, National Accounts Department, National
Statistical Institute, Spain
|
Papers and presentations |
|
|
|
|
During the last year, INE’s National Accounts Department has been working in the enlargement of the results of the first TSA, published in 2002, with some regional estimates, as well as constant prices estimates. This paper focuses mainly in the Spanish experience in the analysis of the regional impact of tourism.
Although Spain is known as one of the world’s leading tourism destination, the impact of this activity differs, to a great extend, from one region to another. For this reason, it has been deemed a priority to produce some regional estimates, which will facilitate a better understanding of tourism phenomenon and its economic impact in the Spanish regions. At the same time, this extension of the Spanish TSA will provide a useful instrument for the planing of tourism policy at a regional level.
From the methodological point of view, it is important to remark that the three basic perspectives of the traditional TSA approach (supply, demand and the interrelationship between supply and demand) have been taken into consideration at a regional level. In this respect, it should be underlined that, due to the lack of an international common methodology, it has been necessary to adopt specific approaches by combining supply and demand compilation methods. In this context, this forum could be the place for the discussion of these methodological solutions.
Finally, in the last part of the document an effort on the empirical aspects of the methodology described has been made, by applying it to the Spanish case. With this end in view, the basic results of this pilot regional approach are commented.
Methodology:
“Tourism Satellite Account- Reference Methodology” OMT, OECD, UN.
“European System of Accounts (ESA95)” EUROSTAT.
“Community Methodology on Tourism Statistics”. EUROSTAT.
“Regional accounts methods”. EUROSTAT.
Application context:
“Economic importance of tourism in the regional economies”.
Bibliography:
Archer, B. H. and Owen, C. B. (1971): “Toward a tourist regional multiplier”. Regional Studies, 5(4): 289-94.
Cañada, A.(2002): “Spain’s TSA: methodological considerations regarding the regionalization of transactions and other accounting elements”. Enzo Paci Papers on Measuring the Economic Significance of Tourism (Vol. 2).
Cañada, A and Roig R (2002): “La contabilidad nacional según el SEC95 como marco para la estimación de la Cuenta Satélite del Turismo de España”. Revista de Estudios Turísticos, Ministerio de Economía.
Stevens, B. and Rose, A. (1985): “Regional input-output methods for tourism impact analysis”. In Propst, D. B. (Compiler). “Assessing the Economic Impacts of Recreation and Tourism” (pp. 16-22). Asheville, N.C. : Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Nazende Ozkaramete Coskun, Instructor, Bilkent University, School of Technology and Management, Tourism and Hotel Management, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
|
Papers and presentations |
|
|
|
|
The system of tourism statistics and tourism satellite accounts are tools to understand the role of tourism in the economy. Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) is a statistical tool including concepts, definitions, aggregates, classifications and it is a building process to guide countries to their own system of tourism statistics.
It is not easy to measure the economic impact of tourism as tourism is an economic activity which has many interrelated sectors. Tourism Satellite Accounts has been developed to measure the economic impact of tourism in a national economy on a yearly basis. TSA provides us with a means of separating and examining both tourism supply and tourism demand with the framework of the System of National Accounts.
The preparation of TSA is a permanent and ongoing process. It depends on the country's system of tourism statistics and provides a framework to harmonize and integrate most components of tourism statistics. In Turkey, Tourism Statistics is collected by State Institute of Statistics (SIS- the National Statistical Office of Turkey), Ministry of Tourism (The National Tourism Administration), Central Bank of Turkey (CB).
Inter-institutional cooperation among producers and users of tourism statistics must be essential. The development of TSA has been primarily focused on the data production. In Turkey different institutions collects statistics on tourism statistics then the coordination among the institutions is essential. The aim of this study is to analyze the problems of publishing tourism statistics by different institutions. The study will also show the missing data to compile the ten tables of TSA. In Turkey table 1, table 2, table 4, partially table 7, partially table 8 and table 10 can be published by the statistics collected by different institutions. As table 6 is at the centre of the TSA, table 6 should be completed in Turkey to measure value added of tourism industries, tourism value added and tourism Gross Domestic Product.
Bibliography
Central Bank, Quarterly Review, Ankara, 2003(II).
Eurostat, European Implementation Manual on Tourism Satellite Accounts.
State Institute of Statistics, Satellite Accounts: Tourism 1996-1998, Ankara, 2001.
State Institute of Statistics, Monthly Bulletins, 2002, 2003.
World Tourism Organization, General Guidelines for National Tourism Administrations Relative to Development of the Tourism Satellite Accounts, Madrid, February 2002.
World Tourism Organization ,Commission of the European Communities, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United nations, Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework, 2001.
World Tourism Organization, Tourism Satellite Account: Measuring Total Tourism Demand Vol.1, 2000.
World Tourism Organization, Tourism Satellite Account: Measuring Tourism Supply Vol.2, 2000.
Gerd Ahlert, Economist, Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung (GWS) mbH, Germany
|
Papers and presentations |
|
|
|
|
In a research project, financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, the Institute of Economic Structures Research (GWS mbH) has developped a tourism satellite account (TSA) for the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the year 2000.
In the process of elaborating the TSA the Federal Statistical Office as a partner outside the GWS has been fully integrated and provided partially unpublished internal data. In the first part of the paper major steps in calculating the monetary TSA-tables 1–6 are presented. It will be shown how this specific information have been used in the process of TSA preparation.
In the second part of the paper the structure of the tourism-economic simulation and forecasting model VOYAGE is presented. The model VOYAGE is based on the German TSA for the year 2000 which will be consistently integrated into the German INFORGE model (Meyer et al. 1999). Its performance is founded on the INFORUM philosophy to build econometric input-output models bottom up and fully integrated (Almon 1991). The model YOYAGE with its tourism-economic extensions can be used for analyzing the economic impacts of - for example - behaviour modifications in tourism or big events.
GWS has gained experience in such a theme-specific macroeconomic modelling approach (Bach et al. 2002, Ahlert 2001). In a similar research project - financed by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior – the econometric simulation and forecasting model SPORT with a special focus on analyzing sport-economic activities has been constructed. This model is equipped with a deeply disaggregated sport-economic satellite account (Meyer & Ahlert, 2000).
[1]
INFORGE = INterindustry FORcasting Gemany
[2] INFORUM = INterindustry FORcasting at
the University of Maryland
Methodology:
The paper is based on a theoretical and practical experience in implementing the TSA (Commission of the EC / OECD / UN & WTO 2001) for the German Ministry of Economics and Labour and shows theoretical and practical perspectives in integrating such a satellite account into a sectoral disaggregated macroeconomic model for Germany.
User value of the information / Application text:
This paper can be useful for both countries willing to start developing a TSA or for countries in a more advanced stage of TSA application.
Bibliography:
Ahlert, G. (2001): The Economic Effects of the Soccer World Cup 2006 in Germany with Regard to Different Financing. In: Economic Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 1.
Almon, C. (1991) The INFORUM Approach to Interindustry Modeling, Economic Systems Research, 3, pp. 1 7.
Bach, S. / Kohlhaas, M. / Meyer, B. / Praetorius, B. / Welsch, H. (2002): The effects of environmental fiscal reform in Germany: a simulation study. In: Energy Policy, Vol. 30, Issue 9, July 2002, pp. 803-811.
Commission of the EC / OECD / UN & WTO: Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework. New York, Bruxelles 2001.
Meyer, B. / Ahlert, G. (2000): Die ökonomischen Perspektiven des Sports. Eine empirische Analyse für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band 100 der Schriftenreihe des Bundesinstituts für Sportwissenschaft, Schorndorf.
Meyer, B. / Ewerhart, G. (2001): INFORGE. Ein disaggregiertes Simulations- und Prognosemodell für Deutschland. In: Lorenz, H.-W./ Meyer, B. (Hrsg.): Studien zur Evolutorischen Ökonomik IV. Evolutorische Makroökonomik, Nachhaltigkeit und Institutionenökonomik. Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Neue Folge, Bd. 195 IV, Berlin.
Teresa Guardia, Chief of Studies and Investigation, Institute of Tourist Studies, Ministry of Economy, Spain
|
Papers and presentations |
|
|
|
|
The Tourism plays a more relevant role every day in the Spanish economy, and for that reason the tourist Administration investigates numerous characteristics of the tourists who visit Spain, either from the supply side (Statistics of Occupation made by the National Institute of Statistic) or by the demand side (Statistics of tourist movements made by the Institute of Tourist Studies). Nevertheless, the study of the employment in the tourist sector is one of the aspects less studied by the time being, just small details of its composition are offered.
The need to have more reliable data on employment in the tourist sector is growing more and more in order to have a comprehensive instrument that allows policy makers to have a broader view on the economic aspects of tourism. At this moment, Spain (the Institute of Tourist Studies) is carrying out some works to undertake the study of the labour market from two points of view:
On the one hand within the frame of Tourism Satellite Account by filling in table number 7 of the Manual Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework, Published by the European Commission, OECD, WTO and UN.
On the other, by monitoring some short-term basic variables for the labour market such as number of employees establishments by size, number of jobs of employees, people employed by highest level of education, nationality, gender, age, type of contracts, etc.
For the accomplishment of this studio, the Spanish Labour Force Survey will be used because its international comparability and that information will be completed with some other sources like the Short-Term Labour Survey.
Methodology:
The paper will focus on:
Main Definitions.
Why using the Labour Force Survey as a main source.
Identifying and quantify short-term basic variables of employment Quantify such variables in order to analyze the labour market in the tourist sector.
Developing some employment indicators unemployment rate, temporality rate.
Breakdowns by the economic activities of tourism.
Studying of the seasonal and temporal labour.
User Value:
This paper could be really interesting for being the one of the few approaches on employment statistics (see abstract)
Bibliography:
Spanish Labour Force Survey (1999-2003)
Spanish Short-term Labour Survey (1999-2003)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Tourism Committee
Tourism Satellite Account
Labour Statistics Report
Alfred Franz, Vienna
|
Papers and presentations |
TSA
Statistics – Dealing with an
Onion ? OH-presentation is not available, |
|
Satellite Accounting (SA) is still far from a perfect science nor even a discipline of fully articulated concepts or standards, and so is the SA on Tourism (T). Elements of flexible application, determined vagueness and optional extension can be found at the same time (aside from a few outright deficiencies). Mostly allowances are made for different (often less favourable) circumstances of availability/reliability of basic data on T. Similarly there may be pressure from the users’ side towards a more focussed development of the various components (“segments”) of the System. That way a certain room emerges to be left for country specific solutions. This raises the question for the maintenance of the basic idea, viz analytically useful information on T but in comparable terms. Where is this room of manoeuvre found ? How big? How determined? What is the minimum content? These are key questions when designing a national TSA.
For this first the criteria of the inclusion of the individual segments of the System may be identified, and whether they can be derived / argued from features of this System itself. Completeness, SNA compatibility of concepts and classification detail, and internal coherence may be easily recognized as decisive, but there may be other ones, too. And there may be different degrees of urgency if not necessity. Even the idea of a minimum content of a TSA deserving this label might be raised. Accordingly, with reference to a TSA ideal in terms of scope and structure, the actual design in a given country may be characterised positively - in terms of what is included - as well as negatively – in terms of what is left out.
Turning from theory to practice such discussion may culminate in the typical consequences (limitations or substitute solutions) deriving from nature and content of the related actual data basis, on the one hand (e.g., what follows from the loss of information on exchange, after the €?), and from user preferences, on the other hand.
Altogether, the various compartments (constituent segments..) of the TSA are to be systematically reviewed by the above general criteria, throughout guided by its “matrix” nature. An “onion” structure will turn out composed of different “skins” one upon the other, according to their conceptual proximity to an imaginary “kernel” of TSA, which has never been officially defined so far, however.
Conrad Barber-Dueck,Statistics Canada
Li Zhao, Statistics Canada
|
Papers and presentations |
|
|
|
|
Theme: Using data from government revenues by industry and commodity, this study estimates the value of government revenue attributable to tourism activity by using commodity and industry ratios from the Tourism Satellite Account.
This study presents estimates of government revenue attributable to tourism for 1998. The main data sources are the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account, the Canadian Input-Output tables and tax remittance files from the government.
Government revenue covers receipts from taxes on incomes (i.e. on employmnet earnings, corporate profits, net income of unincorporated business enterprises), contributions to social insurance plans (i.e. premiums for Canada/Quebec Pension Plan, employment insurance and workers compensation), taxes on production and products (such as sales and property taxes), and from sales of government goods and services. These revenue sources are broken down into parts that can or can not be atrributed to tourism using ratios from the tourism Satellite Account. Data is also split by the three levels of government in Canada (federal, provincial and local). Estimates of the government revenue per dollar of tourism, as calculated in the Tourism Satelitte Account, are reported as well.
The report includes summary tables showing revenues attributable to tourism by level of government and by source of revenue and by detailed industry and commodity breakdowns. It also contains a discussion of the concepts, definitions, data sources and methods used in the study.
This report provides another view of the importance of tourism in a national economy. It also serves as a useful tool in lobbying the government concerning its tax policy. In Canada, tourism commodities (such as fuel, alcohol, cigarettes and accommodation) generally have higher taxes than most commodities.
Last updated: 2004-07-05
(2 046 kB)
(2 340 kB)
(244 kB)
